George Polya, el gran matemático húngaro, en el Prefacio de su libro Mathematical Discovery, caracteriza la resolución de problemas como una actividad propia del ser humano y afirma que “resolver un problema significa encontrar una salida a una dificultad, una forma de sortear un obstáculo, alcanzar un objetivo que no era inmediatamente alcanzable.”
En 1980, el National Council of Teachers of Mathematics de EE.UU en su An Agenda for Accion afirmó que la resolución de problemas “debe ser el centro de las matemáticas escolares”. Dos años más tarde, en 1982, en el Reino Unido, el Cockcroft Report expresó que la resolución de problemas es “el corazón de las matemáticas”.
Siguiendo los lineamientos anteriores, muchos países del mundo han colocado la resolución de problemas como el objetivo principal de su plan de estudios, resaltando su gran importancia.
En Singapur, un plan de estudios enfocado en la resolución de problemas fue introducido, formalmente, en el año 1992 y se convirtió en el objetivo principal de la enseñanza de las matemáticas de este país. En el Plan de estudios de Primara, resaltan la importancia de la resolución de problemas:
La resolución de problemas es fundamental para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Implica la adquisición y aplicación de conceptos matemáticos y habilidades en una amplia gama de situaciones, incluidos problemas no rutinarios, abiertos y del mundo real.
MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS PRIMARY, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN DE SINGAPUR, 2006
El Modelo de George Polya
Para la resolución de problemas, el mundo académico y las Instituciones educativas, han seguido el Modelo que propuso George Polya en su libro “Cómo plantear y resolver problemas” (1944).
Este Modelo consta de 4 fases:
En un aparte del Prefacio del libro mencionado anteriormente, Polya describe lo valioso de enfocarnos en la resolución de problemas:
Un gran descubrimiento resuelve un gran problema, pero en la solución de todo problema, hay un cierto descubrimiento. El problema que se plantea puede ser modesto; pero, si pone a prueba la curiosidad que induce a poner en juego las facultades inventivas, si se resuelve por propios medios, se puede experimentar el encanto del descubrimiento y el goce del triunfo.
GEORGE POLYA, CÓMO PLANTEAR Y RESOLVER PROBLEMAS, PREFACIO, PÁG. 5.
¿Tiene interés en este tópico de la resolución de problemas? Aproveche las Lecciones online que hemos preparado con el objetivo de comprender y aplicar el Modelo de George Polya.
Preguntas:
¿Conoce el Modelo de George Polya?¿Lo ha utilizado en su aprendizaje? ¿Utiliza otro método para la resolución de problemas matemáticos?
Le invito a dejar su comentario.
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